Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare


Contact:
Office of Import Food Safety,
Inspection and Safety Division,
Department of Food Safety,
Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau,
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
(Extension 2495, 2474, 2498)

Inspection Results of Imported Foods Monitoring
and Guidance Plan for FY 2013

Interim Report

December 2013
Department of Food Safety
Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare


Inspection Results of Imported Foods Monitoring and Guidance Plan for FY 2013 (Interim Report)

1. Introduction

In order to monitor and provide instructions to ensure the safety of foods, etc., imported into Japan (hereafter referred to as “imported foods, etc.”), the government established the Imported Foods Monitoring and Guidance Plan in 2013 (hereinafter, “the plan”). The plan is based on the guidelines for monitoring and providing instructions in food sanitation (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Notification No. 301, 2003) as per the regulations of Article 23, Paragraph 1 of the Food Sanitation Act (Act No. 233, 1947; hereinafter, “the Act”); public comments were collected and risk communication was conducted. The plan was published in the Official Gazette as an official report according to the regulations of Paragraph 3 of the same article, and the monitoring and instruction for imported foods, etc., is being conducted based upon the plan.

This document presents an outline of the implementation status of the monitoring and instruction for imported foods, etc., conducted in accordance with the plan, for the period April to September 2013.

Reference: Website on “Safety of Imported Food”
https://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/yunyu/tp0130-1.html

Safety of Imported Food

2. Overview of the Imported Foods Monitoring and Guidance Plan for FY 2013

(1) What is the Imported Foods Monitoring and Guidance Plan?

The Imported Foods Monitoring and Guidance Plan is a plan for the implementation of monitoring and guidance conducted by the national government with respect to imported foods (Article 23, paragraph 1 of the Act).

[Objective] To ensure greater safety of imported foods by promoting the national government to conduct inspections at the time of importation and to conduct monitoring of and guidance for importers in an intensive, effective and efficient manner.

(2) Principles for Monitoring and Guidance on Imported Foods

Under the Article 4 of the Food Safety Basic Act (Act No.48 of 2003) (that is, food safety shall be ensured by taking appropriate measures at each stage of the domestic and overseas food supply process), the Plan is prepared in order that three stages of sanitation measures are taken, namely, in the exporting country, at the time of importation, and at the time of domestic distribution.

(3) Priority Items for Monitoring and Guidance
(4) Promotion of Sanitation Measures in Exporting Countries
(5) Guidance for Importers on Voluntary Sanitation Control

*1: Systematic inspections based on statistical concepts that take into account the volume of imports and violation rates, etc., for each food type.

*2: With regard to items having a high probability of being in violation of the Act, inspections are ordered to the importer by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare at each importation. Items are not permitted to import or distribute unless the results of the inspection comply with the regulations.

*3: Regulations by which the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare can prevent the sale or import of specified foods, without the need for inspections, in cases where it is deemed necessary from the perspective of preventing harm to public health.

3. Inspection Results of Imported Foods Monitoring and Guidance Plan for FY 2013 (Interim Report: Tentative)

Looking at the declarations, inspections and violations made from April through September of 2013 (Table 1), there were 1,106,117 [1,107,698] declarations, and the weight of declared items was 12,321,000 [12,276,000] tons.

Inspections were carried out on 104,766 items (there were inspection orders on 30,983 items, monitoring on 29,396 items, and voluntary inspections on 48,859 items) [117,456 items (inspection orders on 44,962 items, monitoring on 30,895 items, and voluntary inspections on 48,702 items)]. Of these, 562 cases [492 cases] were found to be in violation of the Act, and steps were taken for their re-shipment, disposal, etc.

Records of violations categorized by Article (Table 2) show that violations of Article 11 of the Act, which is related to microbiological criteria for food, standards on residual agricultural chemicals and standards for the use of additives, were most common in 296 instances, followed by violations of Article 6, which is related to contamination with hazardous or toxic substances such as aflatoxin, in 213 instances, violations of Article 10, which is related to restrictions on the sale of additives, in 38 instances, violations of Article 18, which is related to standards for apparatus or containers and packaging, in 22 instances, violations of Article 9, which is related to non-attachment of sanitary certificates of meat or meat products, in 15 instances, and violations of Article 18 (applied mutatis mutandis to Article 62) of the Act, which is related to standards for toys, in 4 instances.

Records of monitoring in FY 2013 (Table 3) show that, out of a total of 93,711 planned inspections, 54,103 were actually conducted (That’s an implementation rate of about 60%). Of these, a total of 86 constituted violations of the Food Sanitation Act, resulting in recalls and enhanced monitoring to identify possible future violations (Table 4). Additionally, as a result of enhanced monitoring, the monitoring system has been strengthened for imported foods, etc. which are considered to have a high probability of violating the Food Sanitation Act, by making them subject to inspection orders and requiring importers to undergo inspections at the time of import (Table 5).

As of September 30, 2013, inspection orders had been applied to 17 items from all exporting countries and 75 items from 26 countries and 1 region. The record of inspection orders (Table 6) shows that a total of 53,116 inspection orders were conducted and, of these, steps were taken for their re-shipment or disposal, etc. based on 188 violations of the Act.

Based on information from overseas on such topics as recalls of law-violating food products, re-shipment was carried out and the system for monitoring items for importation was enhanced in FY 2013, for issues such as the detection of maleic acid from starch products in Taiwan, the occurrence of salmonella food poisoning after consuming Turkish tahini sesame paste in USA and New Zealand, and the detection of Listeria monocytogenes from natural cheese in USA (Table 7).

Figures in brackets are for the same period in the previous year.

Table 1. Notification, Inspection and Violation Statuses (Apr-Sep 2013: Tentative)
No. of Notifications
(cases) *1
Amount of Import
(1,000 tons) *1
No. of Inspections *2 (cases) Percentage *3
(%)
No. of Violations
(cases)
Percentage *3
(%)
1,106,117 12,321 104,766
(30,983)*4
9.5 562 0.05
(previous FY)
1,107,698
12,276 117,456 10.6 492 0.04

*1 Cargoes of planned Import System (excluding time of first importation.) are not included.

*2 Values obtained after excluding overlapping cases from the total values of inspections by governments, registered laboratories, and public organizations of the exporting country.

*3 Proportion of the number of inspections to the number of notifications

*4 Figures relate to inspection orders

Table 2. Major Violation Cases (Apr-Sep 2013: Tentative)
Violated Article No. of Violations Proportion
(%)
Major Violations
Article 6 (Distribution of prohibited foods and additives) 213 36.2 Aflatoxin contamination in corn, peanuts, pistachio nuts, etc.; decay, deterioration and fungus formation due to accidents during the transport of rice, coffee beans, soybeans, etc.; detection of cyanide from fruit preparations; detection of Listeria monocytogenes from unheated meat products; and detection of Kudoa septempunctata spores from flounder
Article 9 (Limitation on distribution, etc. of diseased meat, etc.) 15 2.6 Non-attachment of hygiene certificate
Article 10 (Limitation on distribution, etc. of additives, etc.) 38 6.5 Use of undesignated additives (TBHQ, azorubin, quinoline yellow, cyclamic acid, patent blue V, sunflower lecithin, etc.)
Article 11 (Standards
and specifications for foods and additives)
296 50.3 Violation of specifications for vegetables and frozen vegetables (violation of standards for residual pesticides); violation of specifications for seafood and processed products thereof (violation of standards for residual veterinary drug, violation of standards for residual pesticide); violation of specifications for other processed products (positive reaction on coliform bacilli, excess of live bacteria count,, positive reaction on E. coli, etc.); violation of standards for usage of additives (sorbic acid, sodium benzoate, sulfur dioxide, etc.); violation of specifications for additives
Article 18
(Standards and
specifications for
instruments and
containers/packages)
22 3.7 Violation of specifications/standards for instruments and containers/packages; violation of specification for raw materials.
Article 62 (Mutatis
mutandis as applied to toys, etc.)
4 0.7 Violation of specifications for toys or their raw materials.
Total 588 (total)*1
562 (number of notified violations)*2
 

*1 Total number of item-by-item inspections

*2 Number of notifications for which inspection was carried out

Table 3. Implementation Status of Monitoring Inspections (Apr-Sep 2013: Tentative)
Food Group Category of Inspected Items*1 No. of Programs Planned in FY*2 No. of Programs Implemented No. of Violations
Livestock foods
Beef, pork, chicken, horse meat, poultry meat, and other meats
Antibacterial substances, etc. 2,238 1,057 2
Residual agricultural chemicals 1,251 994 0
Pathogenic microorganism 716 356 0
Standards for constituents 133 60 0
Exposure to radiation 29 23 0
Removal of SRM 4,000 1,982 1
Processed livestock foods
Natural cheeses, meat products, ice
cream, frozen products (meat products), and other products
Antibacterial substances, etc. 2,183 1,162 0
Residual agricultural chemicals 1,224 809 0
Additives 1,366 926 0
Pathogenic microorganism 2,178 1,122 1
Standards for constituents 1,375 941 2
Seafood products
Bivalves, fish, shellfish (shrimps, prawns, crabs) and other products
Antibacterial substances, etc. 3,112 1,598 3
Residual agricultural chemicals 2,573 1,484 0
Additives 177 121 0
Pathogenic microorganism 1,074 836 1
Standards for constituents 485 396 0
Exposure to radiation 29 20 0
Processed seafoods
Processed fish products (fillet, dried or minced fish, etc.), frozen food (seafood, fish), processed fish roe products, and other products
Antibacterial substances, etc. 4,417 2,728 0
Residual agricultural chemicals 3,156 2,279 0
Additives 1,633 1,272 0
Pathogenic microorganism 5,203 2,393 0
Standards for constituents 3,435 1,861 15
Exposure to radiation 5 3 0
Agricultural foods
Vegetables, fruit, wheat, barley, corn, beans, peanuts, nuts, seeds, and other products
Antibacterial substances, etc. 1,510 1,379 0
Residual agricultural chemicals 11,738 7,402 31
Additives 1,074 799 0
Pathogenic microorganism 1,495 1,128 0
Standards for constituents 236 143 0
Mycotoxins 2,388 1,550 1
GMOs 354 211 0
Exposure to radiation 119 94 0
Processed agricultural foods
Frozen products (processed vegetables), processed vegetable products, processed fruit products, spices, instant noodles, and other products
Antibacterial substances, etc. 299 233 0
Residual agricultural chemicals 8,448 4,963 9
Additives 3,832 2,851 4
Pathogenic microorganism 477 367 0
Standards for constituents 2,054 1,472 2
Mycotoxins 2,953 1,571 3
GMOs 128 73 2
Exposure to radiation 424 240 3
Other foods
Health foods, soups, flavourings, seasonings, sweets, edible oils, fat, frozen products, and other products
Residual agricultural chemicals 535 433 0
Additives 3,104 1,643 1
Standards for constituents 627 286 4
Mycotoxins 895 550 1
Drinks and beverages
Mineral water, soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, and other products
Residual agricultural chemicals 178 170 0
Additives 1,015 633 0
Standards for constituents 477 376 0
Mycotoxins 118 56 0
Additives
Equipment, containers and packages
Toys
Standards for constituents 2,241 1,055 0
Total (number)
5,000 was added to the No. of Programs Planned in FY as “foods subject to enhanced monitoring inspections.”
93,711 54,103
Rate of program implemented: about 60%
86

*1: Examples of tested substances

*2:The number of item-by-item programs planned of antibacterial substances, agricultural chemicals, etc.

Table 4. Items Subject to Enhanced Monitoring Inspections *1 (Apr-Sep 2013 *2)
Country/Region Subject Foods Test Items
China Welsh onion Aldicarb and Aldoxycarb, Famoxadone
Lychees 4-CPA, Triazophos
White Croaker Enrofloxacin
Oolong tea Propham
Sea urchin (for raw consumption) Vibrio parahaemolyticus*3
Large peanuts Acetochlor
Wood ears Chlorpyrifos
Kale Hexachlorobenzene
Burdock Paclobutrazol
Taro Paclobutrazol
Chinese chive Phoxim
Bell pepper Difenoconazole
Cultured shrimp Furazolidone
Cultured tokobushi Furazolidone
Green tea Propham
Thailand Green asparagus Atrazine, Diuron
Immature peas Famoxadone
Okra Isoprothiolane
Pandanus palm leaf Chlorpyrifos
Papaya Genetically modified papaya unapproved for safety. (PRSV-SC)
Mulukhiya Hexaconazole
South Korea Perilla Indoxacarb, Ethoprophos, Diniconazole
Arch shell (for raw consumption) Vibrio parahaemolyticus*4
Red hot pepper Difenoconazole
Tairagikai (Atrina pectinata) (for raw consumption) Vibrio parahaemolyticus*4
Ghana Cacao beans 2,4-D, Cypermethrin
Philippines Sea urchin (for raw consumption) Vibrio parahaemolyticus*3
Banana Fipronil
USA Soybeans Fluazifop
Rutabaga Bifenthrin
Vietnam Bell pepper Difenoconazole, Hexaconazole
Italy Processed pistachio products Aflatoxin
Iran Processed pistachio products Aflatoxin
Indonesia Coffee beans Carbaryl
Uganda Coffee beans Chlorpyrifos
Australia Orange Diuron
Canada Beef Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
Cote d'Ivoire Cacao beans 2,4-D
Sudan Sesame seed 2,4-D
Serbia Cherry Flutriafol
Tanzania Sesame seed Imidacloprid
Nicaragua Sesame seed Triazophos
New Zealand Cabbage Cyproconazole
Panama Beef Ivermectin
Bangladesh Cumin seed Profenofos
Brazil Wheat Pirimiphos-methyl
France Apple juice Patulin
Peru Quinoa Methamidophos
Belgium Chicory Thiabendazole
Bolivia Kidney beans Flutriafol
Myanmar Sesame seed Carbaryl
Mexico Guava Cypermethrin

*1 In 2013, enhanced monitoring inspections, which are to be implemented after a violation has been detected, were usually conducted on 30% of all import declarations. Items which had seen inspection orders rescinded as a result of import or inspection results were also handled in the same way. However, if no similar violations were detected within 60 enhanced monitoring inspections or within 1 year, the items were returned to the normal inspection system.

*2 Excludes items in Table 5.

*3 As a measure to enhance inspections during the summer period, all (100%) import declarations were inspected (June-Oct 2013).

*4 As a measure to enhance inspections during the summer period, 30% of import declarations were inspected (June-Oct 2013)

Table 5. Items Shifted to Inspection Orders (Apr-Sep 2013)
Country/Region Subject food Test Item
Thailand Mangos (excluding the specified exporters) Chlorpyrifos, Propiconazole
Red hot pepper Triazophos
Okra (excluding the specified exporters) EPN
Green asparagus (excluding the specified exporters) EPN
China Oolong tea Indoxacarb
Foods (limited to the specified manufacturers) Cyclamic acid
Soft-shelled turtle Enrofloxacin
Flowering fern Acetochlor
Italy Chestnut Aflatoxin
Unheated meat products (limited to the specified manufacturers) Listeria monocytogenes
South Korea Cultured olive flounder(limited to the specified farmers) Enrofloxacin,
kudoa septempunctata
Spain Processed almond products Aflatoxin
Unheated meat products (limited to the specified manufacturers) Listeria monocytogenes
India Chickpea Aflatoxin
Austria Horseradish Difenoconazole
Taiwan Foods (limited to the specified manufacturers) Cyclamic acid
Paraguay Sesame seed Carbaryl
USA Natural cheese (limited to the specified manufacturers) Listeria monocytogenes
Morocco Chaste tree berries Aflatoxin
Table 6. Items Subject to Inspection Orders and Inspection Results (Apr-Sep 2013: Tentative)
Country/Region Main subject foods Main test items No. of
tests
No. of
violations
All exporting
countries
(17 items)
Peanut, Almond, Chili pepper, etc. Aflatoxin 5,176 31
Beans containing cyanide, Cassava Cyanide 271 3
Salted salmon roe Nitrite 229 1
China
(24 items)
Vegetables, Fish, Shellfish, etc.
(Carrot, Welsh onion, Spinach, Bivalves, etc.)
Triadimenol, Aldicarb sulfoxide, Endrin, Dieldrin (including Aldrin), Prometryn, etc. 10,428 20
Eel, Shrimp, Soft-shelled turtle, etc. Chlortetracycline, Malachite green, Sulfamethoxazole, Enrofloxacin, Oxolinic acid, etc. 4,456 0
Bivalves Paralytic shellfish poison, Diarrhetic shellfish toxin 3,480 0
All processed foods Cyclamic acid 324 0
Chinese pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum), White pepper Aflatoxin 29 0
Thailand
(10 items)
Okura, Green asparagus, Mango, Kaffir lime leaves, Immature peans, etc. EPN, Chlorpyrifos, Profenofos,
Propiconazole, etc.
667 2
South Korea
(10 items)
Bivalves Paralytic shellfish poison, Diarrhetic shellfish toxin 118 0
Freshwater clam, Green chili Simeconazole, Endosulfan 36 1
Eel Ofloxacin, Oxolinic acid 6 0
Arch shells Vibrio parahaemolyticus 2 0
Olive flounder Kudoa septempunctata 1 0
India
(7 items)
Farm-raised shrimp and prawn Furazolidone, Ethoxyquin 1,292 3
Cumin seeds, Chickpea, Red pepper, Black tea, etc. Profenofos, Glyphosate, Triazophos, Hexaconazole 59 2
Cassia seeds, Chickpea Aflatoxin 46 1
Italy
(6 items)
Unheated meat products, Cheese Listeria monocytogenes 466 5
Chestnut, Pistachio nuts processed food Aflatoxin 183 1
Parsley Difenoconazole 1 0
Others (21 countries and 1 region, total 37 items) 25,846 118
Total 53,116 188
Table 7. Major Examples of Enhanced Monitoring based on Overseas Information (Apr-Sep 2013)
Month of
enhancement
Subject
country
Subject food and details Background and status
May Taiwan Starch products
(May contain maleic acid)
Information was received stating that in Taiwan, maleic acid was detected in starch products and the relevant products were being voluntarily recalled. When the import notification was mare for such recall products, steps were taken for reshipment.
June Turkey Tahini sesame paste and its processed products
(May be contaminated with Salmonella)
Information was received stating that in USA and New Zealand food poisoning occurred due to Salmonella and tahini sesame paste and its processed products, made by a manufacturer in Turkey, were being voluntarily recalled with relation to the food poisoning. When the import notification was made for such recall products, steps were taken for reshipment, and in case that there may be no safety problems due to the heating process, etc., steps to inform MHLW were taken.
June France Soft and semi-soft type natural cheese
(May be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes)
Information was received stating that in France, Listeria monocytogenes were detected in soft and semi-soft type natural cheese made in France, and the relevant products were being voluntarily recalled.When the import notification was made for the soft and semi-soft type natural cheese made by the relevant manufacturer, steps were taken for reshipment.
July USA Soft and semi-soft type natural cheese
(May be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes)
Information was received stating that in USA food poisoning occurred due to Listeria monocytogenes and soft and semi-soft natural cheeses were recalled. When the import notification was made for such recall products, steps were taken for reshipment.
July Chile Chicken and its processed products
(May be contaminated with dioxins)
Information was received stating that dioxins were detected in chicken processed in FAENADORA SAN VICENTE LIMITADA, Chile, and the issuance of hygiene certificates had been suspended for chicken processed in the relevant facility. When the import notification was made for the chicken processed in the relevant facility, steps were taken for reshipment.
September UK Smoked salmon
(May be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes)
Information was received stating that in UK Listeria monocytogenes were detected in smoked salmon, and the relevant product was being voluntarily recalled. When the import notification was made for such recall products, steps to respond to recall in the exporting country, etc. for the relevant product were taken.
(Reference) A description of key terms in the interim report
Term Description
Nitrite Additives (coloring agent)
Acetochlor Agricultural chemical (anilide herbicide)
Azorubin Undesignated additive
Aflatoxin Mycotoxin (produced by the fungus Aspergillus, etc.)
Aldicarb sulfoxide Agricultural chemical (insecticide)
Sodium benzoate Additives (preservative)
Genetic modification Technology such as fragmentation of bacterial genes, followed by arrangement of the gene sequences or introducing the arranged genes into other organism's genes.
Imidacloprid Agricultural chemical (chloronicotinyl insecticide)
Indoxacarb Agricultural chemical (oxadiazon insecticide)
Ethoxyquin Agricultural chemical ∙ feed additives (growth regulator ∙ antioxidant)
Endosulfan Agricultural chemical (organochlorine insecticide)
Endrin Agricultural chemical (organochlorine insecticide)
Enrofloxacin Veterinary drug (new quinolone synthetic antibacterial agent)
Oxolinic acid Veterinary drug (quinolone synthetic antibacterial agent)
Ofloxacin Veterinary drug (new quinolone synthetic antibacterial agent)
Galactooligosaccharide An oligosaccharide mainly constituted by galactose units
Quinoline yellow Undesignated additive
Glyphosate Agricultural chemical (organophosphorous herbicide)
Chromium A metal element
Chlortetracycline Veterinary drug (tetracycline antibiotic)
Chlorpyrifos Agricultural chemical (organophosphorous insecticide)
Chlorfenapyr Agricultural chemical (insecticide)
Diarrhetic shellfish toxin Shellfish poison (mainly refers to toxins produced by a harmful plankton accumulated in clams)
Cyclamic acid Undesignated additive
Salmonella spp. Pathogenic microorganism (bacteria widely occurring in natural environments. They mainly contaminate chicken eggs and meat to cause stomachache, diarrhea and fever.)
Cyanide Harmful or poisonous compound (Cyanide-related compounds (e.g., cyanogenic glycoside) found in vegetables such as some varieties of beans)
Diuron Agricultural chemical (herbicide)
Difenoconazole Agricultural chemical (triazole fungicide)
Cypermethrin Agricultural chemical (pyrethroid insecticide)
Simeconazole Agricultural chemical (triazole fungicide)
Sulfamethoxazole Synthetic antimicrobial (sulfur agent)
Sorbic acid Additives (preservative)
Dioxins Unintended by-products that are naturally generated in the heating process of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and chlorine 
Thiabendazole Agricultural chemical (heterocyclic fungicide)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus Pathogenic microorganism (A bacterium living in seawater (estuaries, coastal areas, etc.) that commonly contaminates fish and shellfish, and causes abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, fever and vomiting)
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Pathogenic microorganism (A bacterium that normally lives in the intestines of animals. It contaminates foods and drinking water by way of feces and urine, and causes acute abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea together with large amounts of fresh blood after early cold-like symptoms)
Dieldrin (including Aldrin) Agricultural chemical (organochlorine insecticide)
Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxin (produced by a fungus of Fusarium genus)
Tetracycline antibiotic General name for antibiotics having a particular spectrum, e.g. oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, etc.
Triadimenol Agricultural chemical (phenoxy fungicide)
Triazophos Agricultural chemical (phenoxy insecticide)
Sulfur dioxide Additives (antioxidant)
Paclobutrazol Agricultural chemical (triazole plant growth regulator)
Patulin Mycotoxin (produced by fungi of the genus Penicillium, Aspergillus, etc.)
Patent blue V Undesignated additive
Haloxyfop Agricultural chemical (organochlorine herbicide)
Pirimiphos-methyl Agricultural chemical (insecticide)
Pyrimethanil Agricultural chemical (pyrimidine fungicide)
Furazolidone Veterinary drug (nitrofuran synthetic antimicrobial), generates AOZ when metabolized
Propiconazole Agricultural chemical (heterocyclic fungicide)
Profenofos Agricultural chemical (organophosphorus insecticide)
Prometryn Agricultural chemical (triazine herbicide)
Hexaconazole Agricultural chemical (triazole fungicide)
Paralytic shellfish poison Shellfish poison (mainly refers to toxins produced by a harmful plankton accumulated in clams)
Malachite green Veterinary drug (triphenylmethane synthetic antibacterial agent)
Maleic acid Undesignated additive
Methamidophos Agricultural chemical (organophosphorus insecticide)
Methoxyfenozide Agricultural chemical (insecticide)
Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenic microorganism (A normal flora in the natural environment that contaminates milk products and processed meat products, and causes influenza-like symptoms including tiredness and fever)
2,4-D Agricultural chemical (phenoxy acid herbicide)
EPN Agricultural chemical (organophosphorus insecticide)
Kudoa septempunctata A parasite causing food poisoning (Myxosporidia)
TBHQ Undesignated additive

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