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(Appendix 1)

Contact Office of Imported Food Safety, Inspection and Safety Division, Department of Food Safety, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (extension: 2474, 2497, 2498)

Results of Monitoring and Guidance Based on the Imported Foods
Monitoring and Guidance Plan for FY2008

Results of Monitoring and Guidance Based on the Imported Foods
Monitoring and Guidance Plan for FY2008

Introduction

Reference: Website on safety of imported food

https://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/vuvu/tp0130-1.html

Inquiry: Office of Imported Food Safety, Inspection and Safety Division, Department of Food Safety, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau

1. Overview of the Imported Foods Monitoring and Guidance Plan for FY 2008

(1) What is the Imported Foods Monitoring and Guidance Plan?

The Imported Foods Monitoring and Guidance Plan is a plan for the implementation of monitoring and guidance conducted by the national government with respect to imported foods (Article 23 of the Act).

[Objective]

(2) Principles for Monitoring and Guidance on Imported Foods

Based on Article 4 of the Food Safety Basic Act (Act No.48 of 2003) (that is, food safety shall be ensured by taking appropriate measures at each stage of the domestic and overseas food supply process), the Plan is prepared in order that three stages of sanitation measures are taken, namely, in the exporting country, at the time of importation, and at the time of domestic distribution.

(3) Priority Items for Monitoring and Guidance

• Confirmation of whether violations of the Act exist at the time of import declaration
• Monitoring^*1 (Plan for 2008: about 80,000 items across 126 food groups)
• Inspection orders^*2 (as of March 31, 2009:16 items from all exporting countries and 190 items from 36 countries and 1 region)
• Regulations for comprehensive import bans^*3
• Emergency responses based on overseas information, etc.

(4) Promotion of Sanitation Measures in Exporting Countries

• Requests to the governments of exporting countries for the establishment of sanitation control measures.
• Strengthening of control and monitoring systems for agricultural chemicals, etc., and the promotion of pre-export inspections, through on-site inspections and bilateral talks

(5) Guidance for Importers on Voluntary Sanitation Control

• Pre-import guidance (so-called “import consulting”)
• Guidance for voluntary inspections at initial importation and on a regular basis
• Instructions for record keeping
• Dissemination of knowledge on food sanitation to importers, etc.

2. Results of Monitoring and Guidance Based on the Imported Foods Monitoring and Guidance Plan for FY2008

With regard to ensuring the safety of imported foods, based on the fundamental concept that appropriate measures need to be implemented at each stage, from production, manufacturing and processing in exporting countries to post-importation sales in the domestic market, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare together with quarantine stations conducted monitoring and guidance at the time of importation of foods by implementing the following measures, and promoted sanitation measures in exporting countries through bilateral talks and dispatch of experts at times when food sanitation issues occurred. Furthermore, in an attempt to reinforce cooperation, such as at times when violations are detected, with prefectures that conduct monitoring and guidance at the stages of domestic distribution and sales subsequent to importation, appropriate measures were implemented so that importer recalls, etc. would be expedited. Inspections at the time of importation were also enhanced as necessary.

(1) Confirmation by Import Declaration Based on Article 27 of the Act

Using import declarations and other documents, submitted under Article 27 of the Act, examinations were conducted to check for compliance with the Act, including compliance with the specifications and standards for foods based on the provisions contained within Article 11, paragraph 1 and Article 18, paragraph 1 of the Act (hereinafter referred to as the “standards”). Inspections required at the time of importation were also conducted.

Looking at the declarations, inspections and violations for FY2008 (Table 1), the number of import declarations was about 1.76 million, and the weight of declared items, based on preliminary figures, was about 31.55 million tons. Inspections were carried out on about 190, 000 declarations (11.0%). Of these, 1, 150 were found to be in violation of the Act (total 1, 226 cases), and steps were taken for their re-shipment or disposal, etc. This is equivalent to 0.1% of the number of import declarations.

(2) Monitoring Based on Article 28 of the Act

The basis for monitoring is that the number of inspections should be such that violations can be detected with a certain level of statistical confidence across a diverse range of imported foods, etc. This is the basis for determining the number of inspections conducted and the types of substances tested by quarantine stations, with consideration given to actual import records and violation rates, etc. for each food group. In FY2008, 79,809 inspections were planned.

In light of the enforcement of the Positive List System, the number of food sanitation inspectors was increased from 334 to 341, and additional inspection equipment associated with residual agricultural chemicals was also installed. Furthermore, in view of the usage of agricultural chemicals overseas, tested substances increased from 500 to 510 for residual agricultural chemicals, from 130 to 140 for residual veterinary drugs, and about 4000 residual chemical tests were additionally conducted on processed foods.

Records of monitoring in FY2008 (Table 2) show that, in comparison to the 79, 809 planned inspections, 83, 951 inspections (actual count 49, 133) were actually conducted (implementation rate of the total number of cases: about 105%), and of these, recalls were made based on 221 (total 245 cases) violations of the Act.

Inspection rates were increased as needed in cases where violations of the Act were detected during the monitoring (Table 3). In addition, testing was enhanced in cases where multiple violations of the Act were detected for food products from a single country on grounds of residual agricultural chemicals or residual veterinary drugs: foods potentially having a high probability of being in violation of the Act became subject to inspection orders, whereby they would be inspected at each importation (Table 4); and foods in which substances such as aflatoxin or listeria monocytogenes were detected became immediately subject to inspection orders (Table 5).

(3) Inspection Orders Based on Article 26 of the Act

For the purpose of preventing harm to public health in terms of food sanitation, certain countries/regions, inspected foods and tested substances, etc. were specified for imported foods having a high probability of being in violation of the Act. Inspection orders were then implemented based on the provisions of Article 26 of the Act.

As of March 31, 2009, inspection orders had been applied to 16 products from all exporting countries and 190 products from 36 countries and 1 region. The record of inspection orders in FY2008 (Table 6) shows that 95, 490 (total 174, 610) inspection orders were conducted. Of these, re-shipment or disposal were undertaken based on 421 (total 432) violations of the Act.

(4) Violations

(5) Emergency Responses Based on Information from Overseas Regarding the Occurrence of Food Sanitation Issues

Organizations such as the National Institute of Health Sciences and the Food Safety Commission in the Cabinet Office collect information from overseas, such as on the occurrence of food poisonings and the recall of food products that are in violation of law. Based on this information, during FY2008, the system for monitoring items at the time of importation was enhanced and the domestic distribution was examined for such issues as Salmonella-contaminated chili peppers from Mexico, dioxin-contaminated pork from Chile, melamine-contaminated infant formula from China, and Salmonella-contaminated peanut products from the U.S. (Table 9).

In response to food poisoning cases caused by frozen dumplings from China in January 2008, tests for residual agricultural chemicals in processed foods were performed on a total of 3105 samples before the end of FY2008, and no violations were found.

(6) Promotion of Sanitation Measures in Exporting Countries

During FY2008, as a way of promoting sanitation measures in exporting countries, information on violations of food products subject to inspection orders and enhanced monitoring was provided to the governments of exporting countries, and, through bilateral discussions, etc., they were urged to probe the causes of violations and to implement measures to prevent recurrence.

In instances when it was necessary to confirm sanitation measures at the production and processing stage in an exporting country for such cases as residual agricultural chemicals or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (hereinafter referred to as “BSE”), experts were dispatched to the relevant country and on-site inspections were conducted on the sanitation measures in that exporting country (Table 10).

With respect to U.S. beef, on-site inspections were held from August 17 to August 31, 2008, at 10 facilities exporting to Japan (including one facility which will start exporting to Japan) to verify compliance with the USDA Beef Export Program for Japan. Also, with respect to Canadian beef, on-site inspections were held from October 14 to October 25, 2008, at 5 facilities exporting to Japan to verify compliance with the Export Program for Japan.

(7) Regulations for Comprehensive Import Bans Based on Articles 8 and 17 of the Act

With regard to comprehensive import ban measures based on the Guidelines for the Prohibition of the Sale and Import of Specified Foods based on Article 8 Paragraph 1 and Article 17 Paragraph 1 of the Food Sanitation Act (Attachment to Notice No. 0906001 of the Department of Food Safety dated September 6, 2002), sanitation control by the each government was confirmed for common beans produced in Canada (glyphosate), constricted tagelus produced in Korea (endosulfan), carrots produced in Taiwan (acephate), carrots produced in China (acephate) and coffee beans produced in Ethiopia (γ-BHC, chlordane and heptachlor) (the violation rates for these items based on the 60 most recent inspection orders had temporarily exceeded 5%), and requests for improvement measures were repeated. As a result, in FY2008, there were no items for which this measure was exercised.

(8) Guidance for Importers on Voluntary Sanitation Control

Based on the Plan, importers were instructed to confirm the safety of imported foods in advance by obtaining necessary information from the producers or manufacturers of the foods. Seminars were also held at individual quarantine stations to publicize that importers should consult with quarantine stations in advance with regard to foods being imported into Japan for the first time or those foods with a violation history. Furthermore, in light of cases of foods contaminated with toxic and harmful substances, the government has promoted the collection of information on hygiene measures that have been taken by the exporting countries to prevent the occurrence of incidents. Particularly with respect to processed foods, the government re-instructed importers to make necessary confirmation at every stage of the raw material, production/processing, storage and transportation processes in exporting countries in accordance with the Guidelines on Hygiene Control of Import Processed Foods, notified in June 2008.

Records of import consultations (Table 11) conducted at the Imported Food Consultation Offices, located in quarantine stations, show that 27,083 consultations by product were conducted in FY2008, of which 410 (total 499) cases were identified in advance as being in violation of the Act.

The breakdown, by Article, of cases in violation of the Act (Table 12) shows that the most frequent violations were the 259 violations of Article 11 of the Act which is related to such standards as those for the use of additives (51.9%: ratio to the gross number of violations [499]). The next most frequent were the 224 violations of Article 10 of the Act, related to the use of undesignated additives (44.9%).

The breakdown by country (Table 13) shows that with 131 violations, the U.S. had the greatest number of violations (26.3%: ratio to the gross number of violations [499]), followed by Italy with 57 violations (11.4%), and China with 34 violations (6.8%).

Looking into the major cases of violation by item and details of the violations, we can see that examples of frequent cases of violation include the use of non-designated additives in health foods in the U.S., non-compliance with manufacturing standards for ice cream in Italy, and unauthorized use of sorbic acid in seasonings in China.

When cases were identified at these import consultations as being in violation of the Act, importers were instructed to take appropriate measures to comply with the Act, and to postpone importing until improvements were in place. Even if the effects of the improvements and the compliance of the foods with the Act could be confirmed on paper, importers were instructed to confirm, by testing as necessary, whether the foods satisfied the standards, etc., such as by importing samples.

(9) Disclosure of Information on Imported Foods Violating the Act, and Cooperation with Prefectures

In accordance with the provisions of Article 63 of the Act, for the purpose of clarifying the extent of hazards in terms of food sanitation, the names and addresses of importers who are in violation of law, as well as information on the imported foods were published on the Ministry website. In addition to disclosing the names of the violators, details of the improvement measures and the causes of the violations were also made public as soon as they were identified.

Furthermore, with regard to imported foods identified as being in violation of the Act as a result of the inspections at the time of importation, if any of them had already cleared customs, they were immediately recalled in cooperation with the relevant prefectures. Monitoring was enhanced as necessary for those violations detected in inspections conducted by prefectures at the time of domestic distribution (Table 14).

Table 1 Declarations, Inspections and Violations (FY2008: Preliminary Figures)

Number of Import Declarations	Imported Weight (thousand tons)	Number of Inspections*1	Ratio*2 (%)	Number of Violations	Ratio*2 (%)
1,759,123	31,551	193,917 (95,490)*3	11.0	1,150 (432)*3	0.1 (0.5)*3
(FY2007 Actual) 1,797,086	32,261	198,542	11.0	1,150	0.1

Table 2 Monitoring in FY 2008

Food Group	Tested Substances*1	Number of Planned Tests*2	Number of Actual Tests	Number of Violations
Livestock Food Products Beef, pork, chicken, horsemeat, other poultry meat, etc.	Antibiotics, etc	2,213	2,160	1
	Agricultural chemicals	1,678	1,908	1
	Additives	-	10	0
	Compositional standards	657	740	0
	Removal of SRM	-	4,249	0
Processed Livestock Food Products Natural cheese, meat products, ice cream, frozen food (meats), etc.	Antibiotics, etc	1,490	1,794	6
	Agricultural chemicals	532	705	0
	Additives	1,128	1,558	0
	Compositional standards	1,820	1,867	7
Fishery Food Products Clams, fish, shellfish (shrimp, crabs), etc.	Antibiotics, etc	3,527	3,399	7
	Agricultural chemicals	831	1,993	3
	Additives	235	387	1
	Compositional standards	895	1,165	0
	Differentiation of fish species (Pufferfish genes)	-	2	0
Processed Fishery Food Products Processed fish products (filleted, dried, minced, etc.), frozen food (aquatic animals, fish), processed fish and shellfish egg products, etc.	Antibiotics, etc	3,286	3,861	2
	Agricultural chemicals	1,729	2,655	0
	Additives	1,787	2,546	1
	Compositional standards	3,885	4,446	26
	Differentiation of fish species (Pufferfish genes)	-	87	0
Agricultural Food Products Fruit and vegetables, wheat and barley, corn, beans, peanuts, nuts, seeds, etc.	Antibiotics, etc	741	1,153	1
	Agricultural chemicals	18,367	17,419	127
	Additives	598	580	0
	Compositional standards	1,243	1,269	0
	Mycotoxin	2,210	2,744	3
	GMOs	1,254	1,273	1
	Exposure to radiation	-	6	0
Processed Agricultural Food Products Frozen food (processed vegetables), processed vegetables, processed fruits, spices, instant noodles, etc.	Antibiotics, etc	-	122	0
	Agricultural chemicals	6,571	6,362	9
	Additives	4,204	4,604	4
	Compositional standards	2,119	2,139	15
	Mycotoxin	2,238	1,897	3
	GMOs	207	54	0
	Exposure to radiation	310	420	8
Other Foods Health foods, soups, seasonings, confectionery, edible oils and fats, frozen foods, etc.	Antibiotics, etc	299	104	0
	Agricultural chemicals	238	455	0
	Additives	3,078	2,738	7
	Compositional standards	657	567	4
	Mycotoxin	598	609	0
	GMOs	-	35	0
	Exposure to radiation	-	7	0
Beverages Mineral water, soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, etc.	Agricultural chemicals	299	216	0
	Additives	897	1,185	0
	Compositional standards	897	735	4
	Mycotoxin	299	173	2
Additives, equipment, containers and packaging, toys	Compositional standards	1,792	1,553	2
Total (gross) 5,000 tests for enhanced monitoring are included in the total number of planned tests		79,809	83,951 Implementation rate of about 105%	245

Table 3 Items Subject to Enhanced Monitoring^*1 in FY 2008 (as of March 31, 2009^*2)

Country/Region	Monitored Food	Tested Substances
China	Cultured shrimps	Sulfadiazine
	Eel	Dicofol
	Royal Jelly	Nitrofurans
	Kidney beans	DDT
	Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. peruviridis)	Pyridalyl, pyrimethanil, buprofezine
	Perilla (perilla frutescens var. crispa)	Isoprocarb
	Carrots	Ethoprophos
	Green onions (including wakegi green onion)	Fluazifop
	Green peppers	Difenoconazole
	Swiss chard	Atrazine
	Spinach	Clothianidin
	Matsutake mushrooms	Chlorpyrifos, difenoconazole
	Sesame seeds	Acetochlor
Thailand	Cultured soft-shelled turtles	Enrofloxacin
	Soft-shelled turtles	Furaltadone
	Kan-Jong (Limnocharis flava)	EPN
	Holy basil	Flusilazole
	Coconut trunk	Paclobutrazol
	Asiasarum root	EPN
	Ginger	Oxytetracycline
	Pandanus palm	Difenoconazole
	Mangoes	Tetraconazole
	Lemongrass	EPN
Vietnam	Fishery food products	Shigella
	Cultured shrimps	Sulfamethoxazole
	Immature beans	Difenoconazole, flusilazole
Italy	Fennel	Chlorpyrifos-methyl
	Leek	Famoxadone
	Apple juice and raw material juice	Patulin
Brazil	Coffee beans	Pyraclostrobin, flutriafol
	Chicken	Ethoxyquin
India	Prawns	Pendimethalin
	Fermented tea	Quinalphos
Australia	Barley	Amitraz, fipronil
	Apple juice and raw material juice	Patulin
Spain	Wild strawberries	Bupirimate
	Hazelnuts	MCPA
France	Cherries	Monocrotophos
	Blackcurrants	Bupirimate
Venezuela	Cacao beans	Chlorpyrifos
	Sesame seeds	Chlorpyrifos

Country/Region	Monitored Food	Tested Substances
Myanmar	Galvanso beans	Cypermethrin
	Coffee beans	DDT
Yemen	Coffee beans	γ-BHC, chlordane, heptachlor
Argentine	Tomatoes	Haloxyfop
Indonesia	Coffee beans	Isoprocarb
Ethiopia	Coffee beans	Piperonyl butoxide
Ghana	Cacao beans	Profenofos
Korea	Green chili peppers	Flusilazole
	Arch shells for raw consumption *3	Vibrio parahaemolyticus*3
	Tairagigai (Atrina pectinata) for raw consumption	Vibrio parahaemolyticus*3
Philippines	Sea urchins for raw consumption	Vibrio parahaemolyticus*4
Gambia	Sesame seeds	γ-BHC
Guatemala	Sesame seeds	Methamidofos
Sudan	Sesame seeds	Diazinon, carbaryl
Taiwan	Groupers	Malachite green
	Tilapia for raw consumption	Vibrio parahaemolyticus*4
Chile	Blueberries	Indoxacarb
Bangladesh	Red chili peppers	Triazophos
U.S.	Potato	Dazomet, metam, methyl isothiocyanate
Pelu	Quinoas	Methamidofos
Belgium	Red currants	Trifloxystrobin, flusilazole
Malaysia	Cultured shrimps	Sulfadiazine
Mozambique	Sesame seeds	DDT
Laos	Kale	Fipronil
All exporting countries (excluding India)	Sickle senna seeds	Aflatoxin
All exporting countries (excluding India and Indonesia)	Turmeric	Aflatoxin
All exporting countries (excluding Nigeria)	Sesame seeds	Aflatoxin
All exporting countries (excluding U.S. and Italy)	Processed almond products	Aflatoxin

Table 4 Items Shifted to Inspection Orders Following Enhanced Monitoring in FY2008

Country/Region	Monitored Food	Tested Substances
China	Chicken	Furazolidone, furaltadone
	Weather loaches	Endosulfan
	Milk and dairy products	Melamine
	Cultured shrimps	Sulfamethoxazole
	Carrots	Acephate
	Wakegi green onion	Pyrimethanil
	Sesame seeds	2,4-D, dicofol
Ethiopia	Coffee beans	γ-BHC, DDT, chlordane, heptachlor
Canada	Kidney beans	Glyphosate
Korea	Green chili peppers	Tebuconazole*1
Thailand	Green asparagus	EPN
Taiwan	Carrots	Methamidofos
Paraguay	Sesame seeds	Imidacloprid
Philippines	Okra	Fluazifop, methamidofos
Brazil	Wheat	Methamidofos
France	Blackcurrants	Flusilazole
U.S.	Celery	Boscalid
Venezuela	Cacao beans	2,4-D

Table 5 Items Shifted Immediately to Inspection Orders in FY2008

Country/Region	Shifted Item	Tested Substances
Italy	Processed almond products	Aflatoxin
India	Sickle senna seeds	Aflatoxin
	Turmeric	Aflatoxin
Canada	Lobsters	Paralytic shellfish poison
Thailand	Mangosteens	Imazalil*1
Nigeria	Sesame seeds	Aflatoxin
Taiwan	Carrots	Acephate*2
U.S.	Soft and semi-soft natural cheese (limited to manufacturers)	Listeria
	Corn (including cornflour, excluding sweet corn)	Aflatoxin
Vietnam	Fishery food products (limited to manufacturers)	Shigella
Bolivia	Sesame seeds	Aflatoxin
All exporting countries	Ammonium hydrogen carbonate, including foods containing ammonium hydrogen carbonate (limited to manufacturers)	Melamine

Table 6 Main Items Subject to Inspection Orders, and Inspection Results (FY2008)

Country/Region	Main Foods Subject to Inspection Orders	Main Tested Substances	Number of Inspections	Number of Violations
All exporting countries (16 items)	Peanuts, nuts, chili peppers, etc.	Aflatoxin	9,078	64
	Beans containing cyanide, cassava	Cyanide compounds	462	11
	Salmon roe	Nitrite	327	10
China (45 items)	Chicken, prawns, eel, honey, etc.	Nitrofurans, Tetracycline antibiotic, malachite green, etc.	50,205	38
	Fruit and vegetables, beans, fish (shiitake mushrooms, green onions, weather loaches, etc.)	Fenpropathrin, tebufenozide, methamidofos, pyrimethanil, etc.	28,518	33
	Milk, dairy products, and processed foods containing those as an ingredient	Melamine	5,228	11
	Clams	Diarrhetic shellfish poison, paralytic shellfish poison	5,833	8
	Processed eel products	Viable cell count, coliform bacteria	607	0
	All processed foods	Cyclamic acid	912	0
Thailand (26 items)	Fruit and vegetables (okra, mangoes, bananas, etc.)	EPN, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, etc.	3,108	2
	Cultured shrimps	Oxolinic acid	2,196	0
	Basil seeds	Aflatoxin	3	0
Korea (20 items)	Constricted tagelus, freshwater clams	Endosulfan	193	10
	Vegetables (paprikas, chili peppers, perilla (perilla frutescens var. japonica), etc.)	Ethoprophos, chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin , etc.	636	6
	Clams	Paralytic shellfish poison, diarrhetic shellfish poison	902	1
	Arch shells for raw consumption	Vibrio parahaemolyticus	2	0
Taiwan (15 items)	Vegetables, fruit, tea (oolong tea, chinese chives, mangoes, etc.)	Bromopropylate, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, etc.	795	19
	Eel, royal jelly, soft-shelled turtle	Chloramphenicol, nitrofurans, etc.	5,266	0
	Processed foods, etc.	Cyclamic acid, carbon monoxide	64	0
U.S. (13 items)	Corn, almonds, etc.	Aflatoxin	2,628	49
	Vegetables, cereals (parsley, celery, etc.)	Chlorpyrifos, boscalid, etc.	356	2
Vietnam (8 items)	Prawns, squid, cultured eel	Chloramphenicol, nitrofurans, etc.	28,338	42
	Spinach	Indoxacarb	151	1
	Sesame seeds, etc.	Aflatoxin	42	0
	Fishery food products	Shigella	29	0
	Processed foods, etc	Cyclamin acid	89	0
Ethiopia (1 item)	Coffee beans	γ-BHC, DDT, chlordane, etc.	372	31
Other (30 countries, 63 items)			28,270	94
Total			174,610	432

Table 7 Violations Categorized by Article (FY2008)

Violated Article	Number of Violations	Ratio (%)	Main Violations
Article 6 (Food and additives banned from sale)	256	20.9	Contamination of peanuts, adlay, corn, chili peppers, cacao beans, sesame seeds and almonds, etc. with aflatoxin; contamination with toxic fish; detection of diarrhetic and paralytic shellfish poisons; detection of cyanide compounds; detection of Listeria monocytogenes and unheated meat products; decay, deterioration, and fungus formation due to accidents during the transport of rice, wheat, etc.
Article 9 (Restriction on the sale, etc. of diseased meat, etc.)	7	0.6	Failure to attach sanitary certificate.
Article 10 (Restriction on the sale, etc. of additives, etc.)	65	5.3	Use of undesignated additives, including melamine, cyclamic acid, azorubine, TBHQ, sodium alumininosilicate, Patent Blue V, Brilliant Black BN, Rhodamine B, methylene chloride, carbon monoxide, etc.
Article 11 (Standards for foods or additives)	847	69.1	Violation of compositional standards for vegetables and frozen vegetables (violation of standards for residual agricultural chemicals); violation of compositional standards for seafood and processed seafood products (violation of standards for residual drugs for animal use and violation of standards for residual agricultural chemicals); violation of compositional standards for other processed foods (coliform bacteria positive, etc.); violation of standards for the use of additives (sorbic acid, benzoic acid, sulfur dioxide, etc.); violation of standards for the ingredients of additives
Article 18 (Standards for equipment and containers/packaging)	43	3.5	Violation of specifications for equipment and containers/packaging. Violation of material-specific specifications for raw materials.
Article 62 (Mutatis mutandis application to toys, etc.)	8	0.7	Violation of specifications for toys or their raw materials
Total	1,226 (gross) *1 1,150 (real) *2

Table 8-1 Number of Violations Related to Agricultural Chemicals, Categorized by Country, Item and Violation (FY2008)

Country of Production (Number of violations Total)	Item Type	Violation		Number of cases*
		New/Conventional Standard	Uniform Standard
Ethiopia (77)	Coffee beans	γ-BHC (lindane) (53)	DDT (2), chlordane (5), piperonyl butoxide (1), heptachlor (16)	77
China (61)	Carrots	Methamidofos (5), ethoprophos (1)	Acephate (10)	16
	Sesame seeds	Dicofol (3), 2, 4-D (2)	Acetochlor (1)	6
	Cloud ear mushrooms	Chlorpyrifos (4)	Bifenthrin (2)	6
	Green peppers		Difenoconazole (1), pyrimethanil (3)	4
	Large peanuts		BHC	4
	Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. peruviridis)		Pyridalyl (1), pyrimethanil (1), buprofezine (1)	3
	Green tea	Triazophos		3
	Ginger		BHC	2
	Weather loaches	Endosulfan		2
	Green onions	Fluazifop (1)	Tebufenozide (1)	2
	Matsutake mushrooms	Chlorpyrifos (1)	Difenoconazole (1)	2
	Wakegi green onion		Pyrimethanil	2
	Shiitake mushrooms		Fenpropathrin	2
	Kidney beans	DDT		1
	Eel		Dicofol	1
	Perilla (perilla frutescens var. crispa)		Isoprocarb	1
	Swiss chard	Atrazine		1
	Immature beans		Fenpropathrin	1
	Small peanuts	Daminozide		1
	Oolong tea	Triazophos		1
Canada (34)	Kidney beans	Glyphosate		34
Ecuador (31)	Cacao beans	Cypermethrin (1)	2, 4-D (30)	31
Ghana (31)	Cacao beans	Pirimiphos-methyl (13), endosulfan (6), chlorpyrifos (7),	Fenvalerate (4), profenofos (1)	31
Taiwan(14)	Carrots	Methamidofos (4)	Acephate (16)	20
	Semi-fermented tea	Bromopropylate		4
Korea (19)	Constricted tagelus	Endosulfan		10
	Green chili peppers		Tebuconazole (4), flusilazole (1)	5
	Grape tomato		Fluquinconazole	3
	Perilla (perilla frutescens var. japonica)	Bifenthrin		1
Philippines	Okra		Fluazifop (11), methamidofos (1)	12
	Mangoes	Chlorpyrifos(1), cypermethrin(1)		2
Thailand (14)	Asparagus		EPN	2
	Mangoes	Pirimiphos-methyl	Tetraconazole	2
	Holy basil		Flusilazole	1
	Ginger	Oxytetracycline		1

Country of Production (Number of violations Total)	Item Type	Violation		Number of cases*
		New/Conventional Standard	Uniform Standard
Thailand (14)	Mangosteens	Imazalil		2
	Coconut trunk		Paclobutrazol	1
	Kan-Jong		EPN	1
	Pandanus palm		Difenoconazole	1
	Lemongrass		EPN	1
	Chili peppers	Triazophos		1
	Okura		EPN	1
U.S. (11)	Celery		Boscalid	6
	Oranges	Pendimethalin		1
	Blueberries	Oryzalin		1
	Broccoli		Flonicamid	1
	Lemons	Pendimethalin		1
	Parsley	Chlorpyripos		1
India	Chili peppers	Triazophos		4
	Fermented tea	Hexaconazole (1), quinalphos (1)		2
	Prawns		Pendimethalin	1
France	Blackcurrants		Bupirimate (1), flusilazole (2)	3
	Cherries		Monocrotophos	2
	Turnip roots		Difenoconazole	1
Spain	Hazelnuts		MCPA	3
	Wild strawberries		Bupirimate	1
Brazil	Coffee beans		Pyraclostrobin (1), flutriafol (1)	2
	Chicken	Ethoxyquin		1
	Wheat	Methamidofos		1
Venezuela	Cacao beans	Chlorpyrifos (1)	2, 4-D (1)	2
	Sesame seeds	Chlorpyrifos		1
Belgium	Red currants		Trifloxystrobin (1), flusilazole (1)	2
	Leek		Haloxyfop	1
Yemen	Coffee beans	γ--BHC (lindane) (1)	Chlordane (1), heptachlor (1)	3
Myanmar	Coffee beans		DDT	1
	Galvanso beans	Cypermethrin		1
Vietnam	Spinach		Indoxacarb	1
	Immature field peas		Flusilazole	1
Paraguay	Sesame seeds		Imidacloprid	2
Italy	Fennel	Chlorpyrifos-methyl		1
	Leek	Famoxadone		1
Indonesia	Coffee beans		Isoprocarb	1
Mozambique	Sesame seeds	DDT		1
Chile	Blueberries		Indoxacarb	1
Peru	Quinoas	Methamidofos		1
Guatemala	Sesame seeds	Methamidofos		1
Total				359

Table 8-2 Number of Violations Related to Microbiological Criteria, Categorized by Country, Item and Violation (FY2008)

Country of Production (Number of violations Total)	Item Type	Violation	Number of cases*
Thailand (57)	Frozen food (prawns)	Viable cell count (11), coliform bacteria (3)	14
	Frozen food (livestock)	Viable cell count (5), coliform bacteria (7), E. coli (1)	13
	Frozen food (fish)	Viable cell count (3), coliform bacteria (6), E. coli (1)	10
	Frozen food (squid)	Viable cell count (4), coliform bacteria (3)	7
	Frozen food (fruit)	Viable cell count (2), coliform bacteria (3)	5
	Frozen food (aquatic animals)	Viable cell count (1), coliform bacteria (2)	3
	Fish paste products	Coliform bacteria	2
	Meat products	E. coli	1
	Frozen food (other)	Coliform bacteria	1
	Frozen food (vegetables)	Coliform bacteria	1
China (50)	Frozen food (other)	Viable cell count (3), coliform bacteria (5), E. coli (1)	9
	Frozen food (vegetables)	Coliform bacteria (5), E. coli (4)	9
	Frozen food (fish)	Viable cell count (3), coliform bacteria (4)	7
	Meat products	Staphylococcus aureus (1), coliform bacteria (3), E. coli (2)	6
	Frozen food (shellfish)	Viable cell count (2), coliform bacteria (3)	5
	Frozen food (aquatic animals)	Viable cell count (4), E. coli (1)	5
	Food packed in containers and sterilized by pressurization and heating	Microorganisms with potential to grow	3
	Frozen food (squid)	Viable cell count (1), coliform bacteria (1)	2
	Frozen food (livestock food products)	Viable cell count (1), E. coli (1)	2
	Frozen food (prawns)	Coliform bacteria	1
	Frozen food (agricultural food products)	Coliform bacteria	1
Philippines (30)	Frozen food (aquatic animals)	Viable cell count	9
	Frozen food (squid)	Viable cell count (4), coliform bacteria (4)	8
	Frozen food (fruit)	Viable cell count (2), coliform bacteria (1), E. coli (1)	4
	Frozen food (sea urchins)	Viable cell count (2), Most probable number (MPN) of vibrio parahaemolyticus (1)	3
	Frozen food (fish)	Viable cell count (1), coliform bacteria (2)	3
	Boiled octopus	Coliform bacteria	1
	Frozen food (shellfish)	Viable cell count	1
	Frozen food (vegetables)	Viable cell count	1

Country of Production (Number of violations Total)	Item Type	Violation	Number of cases*
Korea (29)	Frozen food (vegetables)	Viable cell count (7), coliform bacteria (4)	11
	Boiled crab	Viable cell count (2), coliform bacteria (2)	4
	Frozen food (squid)	Viable cell count (3), coliform bacteria (1)	4
	Frozen food (shellfish)	Viable cell count (2), Most probable number (MPN) of vibrio parahaemolyticus (2)	4
	Frozen food (aquatic animals)	Viable cell count (1), coliform bacteria (2), E. coli (1)	4
	Frozen food (other)	Viable cell count	2
Vietnam (23)	Frozen food (fish)	Viable cell count (1), coliform bacteria (4), E. coli (3)	8
	Fish paste products	Coliform bacteria	3
	Frozen food (squid)	Viable cell count (2), coliform bacteria (1)	3
	Frozen food (prawns)	Coliform bacteria (2), E. coli (1)	3
	Frozen food (octopus)	Viable cell count (1), coliform bacteria (1)	2
	Frozen food (vegetables)	Coliform bacteria (1), E. coli (1)	2
	Boiled octopus	Coliform bacteria	1
	Frozen food (other)	Viable cell count	1
Taiwan (11)	Frozen food (other)	Viable cell count (3), coliform bacteria (1)	4
	Ice	Coliform bacteria	2
	Meat products	E. coli	1
	Food packed in containers and sterilized by pressurization and heating	Microorganisms with potential to grow	1
	Frozen food (fruit)	Viable cell count	1
	Frozen food (fish)	Coliform bacteria	1
	Frozen food (vegetables)	Coliform bacteria	1
U.S. (10)	Powdered beverages	Viable cell count (3), coliform bacteria (3)	6
	Frozen food (vegetables)	Coliform bacteria	3
	Frozen food (fruit)	Coliform bacteria	1
Indonesia	Boiled octopus	Viable cell count (1), coliform bacteria (2),	3
	Frozen food (fish)	Coliform bacteria	2
	Frozen food (prawns)	E. coli	1
	Frozen food (shellfish)	Viable cell count	1
	Frozen food (aquatic animals)	Viable cell count	1
Chile	Frozen food (fish)	Viable cell count (2), coliform bacteria (5)	7
Norway	Frozen food (fish)	Viable cell count (5), coliform bacteria (1)	6
India	Frozen food (other)	Viable cell count (2), coliform bacteria (1), E. coli (1)	4
	Powdered beverages	Coliform bacteria	1
Italy	Meat products	Staphylococcus aureus	2
	Frozen food (other)	Viable cell count (1), coliform bacteria (1)	2
Netherlands	Frozen food (other)	Viable cell count (1), coliform bacteria (2)	3
Sweden	Frozen food (other)	Coliform bacteria	2
	Frozen food (vegetables)	Coliform bacteria	1
Canada	Frozen food (desserts)	Coliform bacteria	1
	Frozen food (fish)	Viable cell count	1
	Boiled crab	Coliform bacteria	1

Country of Production (Number of violations Total)	Item Type	Violation	Number of cases*
Peru	Frozen food (vegetables)	Viable cell count (1), E. coli (1)	2
France	Frozen food (other)	Viable cell count	1
	Butter	Coliform bacteria	1
Russia	Boiled crab	Coliform bacteria	1
Pakistan	Frozen food (fish and shellfish)	Viable cell count	1
Denmark	Butter	Coliform bacteria	1
Costa Rica	Frozen food (fruit)	Viable cell count	1
Malaysia	Frozen food (other)	Viable cell count	1
Australia	Butter	Coliform bacteria	1
Sri Lanka	Powdered beverages	Viable cell count	1
Total			260

Table 8-3 Number of Violations Related to Hazardous or Toxic Substances, Categorized by Country, Item and Violation (FY2008)

Country of Production (Number of violations Total)	Item Type	Violation	Number of cases*
U.S. (68)	Corn	Aflatoxin	50
	Peanuts	Aflatoxin	8
	Almonds	Aflatoxin	6
	Pistachio nuts	Aflatoxin	2
	Brazil nuts	Aflatoxin	1
	Dried figs	Aflatoxin	1
China (19)	Peanuts	Aflatoxin	9
	Frozen food (shellfish)	Diarrhetic shellfish poison	4
	Ark shell	Paralytic shellfish poison (3), diarrhetic shellfish poison (1),	4
	Adlay	Aflatoxin	2
France (17)	Other (frozen desserts)	Cyanide compounds	17
India (14)	Sickle senna seeds	Aflatoxin	5
	Chili peppers	Aflatoxin	3
	Nutmeg	Aflatoxin	3
	Peanuts	Aflatoxin	1
	Curry powder	Aflatoxin	1
	Turmeric	Aflatoxin	1
Thailand (13)	Adlay	Aflatoxin	10
	Cassava	Cyanide compounds	2
	Chili peppers	Aflatoxin	1
Italy (13)	Confectionery	Aflatoxin (1), cyanide compounds (6)	7
	Pistachio nuts	Aflatoxin	2
	Dried figs	Aflatoxin	2
	Apple juice	Patulin	1
	Lima beans	Cyanide compounds	1
Brazil	Powdered seasonings	Cyanide compounds	4
	Cassava	Cyanide compounds	1
Canada	Lobster	Paralytic shellfish poison	3
	Crawfish	Paralytic shellfish poison	1
Indonesia	Nutmeg	Aflatoxin	3
	Cassava	Cyanide compounds	1
South Africa	Peanuts	Aflatoxin	3
Australia	Apple juice	Patulin	2
	Peanuts	Aflatoxin	1

Country of Production (Number of violations Total)	Item Type	Violation	Number of cases*
Iran	Pistachio nuts	Aflatoxin	2
Peru	Snack food	Cyanide compounds	1
	Other (peanut products)	Aflatoxin	1
Myanmar	Butter beans	Cyanide compounds	1
	Chili peppers	Aflatoxin	1
Venezuela	Cacao beans	Aflatoxin	1
Paraguay	Peanuts	Aflatoxin	1
Philippines	Cassava	Cyanide compounds	1
Turkey	Hazelnuts	Aflatoxin	1
Bolivia	Sesame seeds	Aflatoxin	1
Bangladesh	Peanut products	Aflatoxin	1
Korea	Freshwater clams	Paralytic shellfish poison	1
Vietnam	Adlay	Aflatoxin	1
Nigeria	Sesame seeds	Aflatoxin	1
Sri Lanka	Chili peppers	Aflatoxin	1
Argentine	Peanuts	Aflatoxin	1
Jamaica	Curry powder	Aflatoxin	1
Total			181

Table 8-4 Number of Violations Related to Additives, Categorized by Country, Item and Violation (FY2008)

Country of Production (Number of violations Total)	Item Type	Violation	Number of cases*
China (39)	Foods containing milk and dairy products	Melamine	13
	Processed vegetables	Polysorbate (1), sulfur dioxide (6)	7
	Processed fishery food products	Sorbic acid (1), sulfur dioxide (4)	5
	Pickles	Cyclamic acid (1), sorbic acid (1), undesignated coloring agent (2)	4
	Frozen food (other)	TBHQ	4
	Health foods	p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Esters (1), ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (1), cyclamic acid (1)	3
	Herring roe	Hydrogen peroxide	1
	Processed fruit products	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Other (Daimyo Oak leaf)	Sulfur dioxide	1
Taiwan (19)	Other (powdered food)	Sodium aluminosilicate	5
	Processed bean products	Sorbic acid (1), sulfur dioxide (1)	2
	Dried vegetables	Sulfur dioxide	2
	Syrup	Cyclamic acid	1
	Fishery food products	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Processed nut and seed products	Cyclamic acid	1
	Prepared cereals	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Retort pouch foods	Iodized salt	1
	Frozen food (fishery food products)	Cyclamic acid	1
	Beverages	Potassium sorbate	1
	Soybean oil	TBHQ	1
	Pickles	Cyclamic acid	1
	Seasonings	Rhodamine B	1
U.S. (14)	Salted salmon roe	Nitrite	4
	Processed fishery food products (boiled clam)	Disodium ethylenediaminotetraacetate	2
	Syrup	Sorbic acid	1
	Processed bean products	Disodium ethylenediaminotetraacetate	1
	Milk and dairy products	Sorbic acid	1
	Margarine	TBHQ	1
	Frozen food (agricultural food products)	Sorbic acid	1
	Meat products	Sodium aluminosilicate	1
	Fruit vinegars	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Other	Sodium aluminosilicate	1

Country of Production (Number of violations Total)	Item Type	Violation	Number of cases*
Thailand(12)	Seasonings	Benzoic acid	2
	Fish paste products	Benzoic acid (1), trimethylamine (1)	2
	Rice	Rhodamine B	2
	Rice flour	Sulfur dioxide	2
	Cookies	TBHQ	1
	Prepared vegetables	TBHQ	1
	Prepared cereals	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Boiled vegetables	Benzoic acid	1
Italy	Fruit vinegars	Sulfur dioxide	3
	Instant coffee	Methylene chloride	1
	Bakery products	Iodized salt	1
	Processed fruit products	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Confectionery	Patent Blue V	1
	Chocolate	Sorbic acid	1
Spain	Health foods	Isopropanol (1), butyl acetate (1)	2
	Processed fruit products	Sorbic acid (2)	2
	Pickles	Ferrous gluconate (1), sulfur dioxide (1)	2
	Prepared vegetables	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Spices	Sulfur dioxide	1
Vietnam	Frozen food (fishery food products)	Cyclamic acid (1), sulfur dioxide (1)	2
	Coffee products	Cyclamic acid	1
	Processed fishery products	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Beer	Sulfur dioxide	1
Brazil	Vegetable oil and fat	TBHQ	3
	Corn flour	TBHQ	1
	Processed propolis	Polyethylene glycol	1
Denmark	Salted salmon roe	Nitrite	3
	Jam	Sorbic acid	1
Malaysia	Confectionery	Polysorbate (1), melamine (2)	3
Netherlands	Liqueur	Patent Blue V (1), azorubine (1), Brilliant Black BN (1)	3
Philippines	Processed tuna products	Carbon monoxide	2
	Fruit puree	Sulfur dioxide	1
Canada	Salted salmon roe	Nitrite	3
France	Chocolate	Azorubine	3

Country of Production (Number of violations Total)	Item Type	Violation	Number of cases*
Madagascar	Processed fishery products	Sulfur dioxide	2
Bangladesh	Pickles	Benzoic acid (1), sulfur dioxide (1)	2
Hong Kong	Seasonings	TBHQ	1
	Processed fishery products	Hydrogen peroxide	1
Turkey	Dried fruit	Sulfur dioxide	1
Jamaica	Seasonings	Sorbic acid	1
Argentina	Soybean oil	TBHQ	1
Korea	Health foods	Polysorbate	1
Bolivia	Chocolate	TBHQ	1
United Arab Emirates	Candy	Azorubine	1
India	Processed vegetables	Benzoic acid	1
Total			142

Table 8-5 Number of Violations Related to Veterinary Drugs, Categorized by Country, Item and Violation (FY2008)

Country of production (Number of violation Total)	Item type	Violation		Number of cases*
		New/conventional standard	Uniform standard
China (58)	Meat products (chicken)		Furazolidone (as AOZ) (7), furaltadone (as AMOZ) (13)	20
	Prawns	Oxytetracycline (1), tetracycline (1)	Sulfamethoxazole (9), sulfadiazine (1)	12
	Frozen food (Chiken products)		Furazolidone (as AOZ) (4), furaltadone (as AMOZ) (5)	9
	Clam		Chloramphenicol	5
	Eel		Leucomalachite green (1), enrofloxacin (3)	4
	Processed royal jelly		Chloramphenicol (1), furazolidone (as AOZ) (1)	2
	Prepared chiken		Furazolidone (as AOZ)	1
	Food packed in containers and sterilized by pressurization and heating (chicken)		Furazolidone (as AOZ)	1
	Frozen food (pork products)		Clenbuterol	1
	Salmon	Oxytetracycline		1
	Mackerel		Leucomalachite green	1
	Processed pollen	Tetracycline		1
Vietnam (43)	Frozen food (prawns)		Chloramphenicol (6), furazolidone (as AOZ) (14)	20
	Prawns		Chloramphenicol (11), furazolidone (as AOZ) (3), sulfamethoxazole (1)	15
	Squid		Chloramphenicol	4
	Dried unseasoned products (squid)		Chloramphenicol	2
	Dried unseasoned products (prawns)		Chloramphenicol	1
	Frozen food (squid)		Chloramphenicol	1
Indonesia (10)	Frozen food (prawns)		Nitrofurantoin (as AHD) (1), furazolidone (as AOZ) (5)	6
	Prawns		Nitrofurantoin (as AHD) (1), furazolidone (as AOZ) (3)	4
Thailand	Soft-shelled turtles		Furaltadone (1), enrofloxacin (1)	2
Taiwan	Groupers		Leucomalachite green	1
Malaysia	Prawns		Sulfadiazine	1
Total				115

Table 9 Major cases in which monitoring was reinforced based on information from overseas (FY2008)

Month of reinforcement	Country	Food and contents	Background and monitoring status
April 2008	U.S.	Cereal (possibly contaminated with Salmonella)	In response to information regarding product recall in the U.S., an instruction was issued for the reshipment of the product in question.
April 2008	Italy	Natural cheese (possibly contaminated with Listeria)	Measures were taken to return shipments for each import notification of such products, based on information that Italian-produced cheese was found to be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes in Germany. Voluntary inspections measures were taken for cheese produced by the manufacturer in question.
April 2008	Australia	Baby food (possibly containing foreign matters)	In response to information regarding product recall in Australia, an instruction was issued for the reshipment of the product in question.
June 2008	U.S.	Melon (possibly contaminated with Salmonella)	Measures were taken to return shipments for each import notification of such a product based on information regarding product recall in the U.S.
June 2008	U.S.	Cookies (risk of irradiation)	In response to information regarding product recall in the UK, measures have been prepared to return the product in question if an import notification is submitted.
July 2008	New Zealand	Beef (possibly contaminated with endosulfan)	Voluntary inspections measures were taken for each import notification of such a product in response to a report from Korea that beef from New Zealand was found to be tainted with endosulfan.
July 2008	New Zealand	Oysters (possibly contaminated with norovirus)	Based on information regarding the recall of contaminated edible oysters that caused norovirus outbreaks in New Zealand, measures have been prepared to return the product in question if an import notification is submitted.
July 2008	Philippines	Fish and shellfish, etc. (possibly contaminated with endosulfan)	Based on information regarding the possible contamination with endosulfan that leaked into the sea after a ferry sunk off the coast of Sibuyan Island in the Philippines, measures have been taken to reship the fish and shellfish caught in the sea area in question.
July 2008	Canada/U.S.	Lobster (possibly contaminated with paralytic shellfish poison)	Voluntary inspections measures were taken for each import notification of lobster from the waters of the Atlantic Ocean from Canada to the U.S. based on a warning issued in the U.S. to avoid eating lobster tomalley because of potential contamination with paralytic shellfish poison.

Month of reinforcement	Country	Food and contents	Background and monitoring status
August 2008	Mexico	Chili peppers (possibly contaminated with Salmonella)	In response to a report that Mexican-grown raw peppers had been linked to a salmonella outbreak in the U.S., guidelines were issued for each import notification of such products, outlining the use of raw peppers only for heat processed foods.
August 2008	Chile	Pork (possibly contaminated with dioxins)	Based on a report from Korea that Chilean pork was found to be tainted with dioxins, measures were taken to ban imports of pork produced at the related farms, and to monitor pork produced at other farms for dioxins.
September 2008	France	Natural cheese (possibly contaminated with Listeria)	Based on a report that listeria had been found in soft natural cheese in France and that the cheese had been exported to Japan, an order was issued to inspect the producer in question.
September 2008	China	Baby formula (possibly containing melamine)	Orders were put in place to suspend import notifications of milk and dairy products based on a report from China regarding the occurrence of kidney stones in infants as a result of ingesting baby formula. In response to China's disclosure of the identity of the producers involved, an order was issued to importers of processed foods made from milk and dairy products to make sure that no melamine is present in the ingredients, and processed foods made from milk and dairy products were made subject to inspection.
October 2008	China	Ice goby and sweetfish (possibly contaminated with formaldehyde)	In response to information that a substantial amount of formaldehyde had been detected in ice goby sold in China, measures have been put in place for voluntary inspections when import notifications of ice goby and sweetfish are submitted.
December 2008	Ireland	Pork (possibly contaminated with dioxins)	In response to information that dioxins were found in pork in Ireland, a reshipment instruction of the product in question has been issued.
January 2009	U.S.	Peanut products (possibly contaminated with Salmonella)	In response to information that the outbreak of salmonellosis in U.S. was associated with peanut products, measures have been prepared to return the product in question if an import notification is submitted.

Table 10 Examples of Bilateral Discussions and On-site Inspections (FY2008)

Item (Item Subject to Inspection Order, etc.)	Bilateral Discussion	Time of On-site Inspection
Beef produced in the U.S. (BSE)	Talks began in December 2003. In December 2005, exporting from specific facilities resumed, on the condition of compliance with an export program. In January 2006, as a result of veal produced in the U.S. being confirmed to contain spinal column, import procedures were suspended for all beef produced in the U.S. Import procedures resumed in July 2006. For the purpose of verifying compliance with the export program, on-site inspections were conducted at the authorized facilities focused on export to Japan. Talks are still underway.	August 2008
Perilla and chili peppers produced in Korea (residual agricultural chemical)	Consultations started in April 2008. Implemented on-site inspections on registered producers and farms. Removed inspection orders on imported foods.	September 2008
Beef produced in Canada (BSE)	Talks began in May 2003. For the purpose of verifying compliance with the export standards, on-site inspections were conducted at the Canadian government-authorized facilities focused on export to Japan. Talks are still underway.	October 2008
Asparagus produced in the Philippines (Difenoconazole)	Consultations started in May 2007. Implemented on-site inspections on registered producers and farms. Removed inspection orders on imported foods.	November 2008
Okra produced in the Philippines (Tebufenozide, fluazifop, methamidophos)	Consultations started in February 2008. Implemented on-site inspections on registered producers and farms. Removed inspection orders on imported foods.	November 2008
Green asparagus produced in Thailand (EPN)	Consultations started in July 2008. Implemented on-site inspections on registered producers and farms. Removed inspection orders on imported foods.	February 2009
Bananas produced in Thailand (Cypermethrin)	Consultations started in October 2008. Implemented on-site inspections on registered producers and farms. Removed inspection orders on imported foods.	February 2009
Pork produced in Chile (Dioxin)	Consultations started in July 2008. Implemented on-site inspections with an aim to verify the dioxin program.	February-March 2009
Edamame (green soybeans), perilla and lychee produced in China (Residual agricultural chemicals)	Implemented on-site inspections on registered producers and farms. Removed inspection orders on imported foods.	March 2009
Honey produced in China (animal drugs)	Implemented on-site inspections. Removed inspection orders.	March 2009
Chicken produced in China (animal drugs)	Consultations started in June 2008. Implemented on-site inspections on chicken farms and processing facilities. Consultations under way.	March 2009
Foods produced in China (overall food sanitation)	The MHLW requested that China prevent export of foods violating Chinese law and ensure compliance with the Food Sanitation Act of Japan.	March 2009
Coffee beans produced in Ethiopia (Residual agricultural chemicals)	Consultations started in May 2008. Implemented on-site inspections on registered producers and farms. Consultations under way.	March-April 2009

Table 11 Import Consultations at Offices of Imported Food Consultation, Categorized by Fiscal Year

	2004	2005	FY2006	FY2007	FY2008
Number of Import consultations	5,506	9,210	9,786	10,633	11,601
Number of import consultations by item	11,023	18,408	18,224	22,038	27,083
Number of violations by item	468	691	679	401	410

Table 12 Number of Violations at Import Consultations, Categorized by Article (FY2008)

Article	Number of Violations	Ratio (%)	Description of Major Violations
Article 6 (Food and additives banned from sale)	3	0.6	Detection of cyanide compounds and epinephelus fuscoguttatus (non-importable fish species and forms), use of lupine beans
Article 9 (Restriction on the sale, etc., of diseased meat, etc.)	4	0.8	Foods containing bovine-derived materials from a BSE-affected country (voluntary import restraint)
Article 10 (Restriction on the sale, etc., of additives, etc.)	224	44.9	Use of iodized salt, Quinoline Yellow, rhodamine B, azorubine, Brilliant Black BN, Patent Blue V, TBHQ, cyclamic acid, sodium stearoyl lactylate, etc.
Article 11 (Standards for foods or additives)	259	51.9	Noncompliance with manufacturing or processing standards Violation of standards for the use of additives Use in undesignated foods: use of sorbic acid in confectionery, use of magnesium stearate in health foods, etc. Excessive use: use of propionic acid in confectionery, etc. Excessive residue: residual sulfur dioxide in dried vegetables, etc.
Article 18 (Standards for equipment and containers/packaging)	1	0.2	Violation of specifications for equipment and containers/packaging. Violation of material-specific specifications for raw materials.
Article 62 (Mutatis mutandis application to toys, etc.)	8	1.6	Violation of specifications for toys or their raw materials
Total	499 (gross) 410 (real)

Table 13 Number of Import Consultation Cases, Categorized by Country, Item and Violations (FY2008)

Country of Production	Item	Description of Violations	Number of Cases*
U.S. (131)	Health foods	Citrulline maleate (1), sodium lauryl sulfate (1), L-cysteine hydrochloride (1), calcium citrate (2), tocopherol succinate (1), betaine hydrochloride (1), diacetone (1), sucralose (1), talc (2), chromium nicotinate (1), pantothenic acid (1), pantethine (1), calcium pyruvate (1), magnesium peroxide (1), selenomethionine (3), zinc citrate (3), calcium ascorbate (5), magnesium ascorbate (5), manganese hydrogen phosphate (1), lysine hydrochloride (1), croscarmellose sodium (2), hydroxymethyl cellulose (1), polyethylene glycol (1), colostrum (1), methanol (1), ethyl acetate (1), sodium chondroitin sulfate (1), copper chlorophyll (3), silicon dioxide (1), chromium chloride (1), zinc oxide (1), potassium acetate (1), copper sulfate (1)	50
	Processed cereal products	Potassium sorbate (16), calcium propionate (5), propionic acid (11), sodium sorbate (1), polyethylene glycol (1), L-cysteine (5)	39
	Soft drinks	Potassium sorbate (2), sodium propionate (1), benzoic acid (1), selenomethionine (2), vanadium citrate (2), magnesium citrate (1), manganese citrate (1), zinc citrate (1), copper citrate (1), chromium polynicotinate (2), sodium molybdate (1), potassium iodide (1), noncompliance with manufacturing standards (2)	18
	Confectionery	Sorbic acid (3), polysorbate (1), β-apo-8'-carotenal (3), sodium stearoyl lactylate (6), general noncompliance of additives with manufacturing standards (1)	14
	Powdered beverages	Propylene glycol (1), methyl chloride (1), ethyl acetate (1)	3
	Other foods	Saccharin	1
	Mineral water	Noncompliance with raw water standards	1
	Fruit wine	Argon	1
	Theobromine	Deviation from existing additive listing standards in terms of origin, method and composition	1
	Sugar	Polysorbate	1
	Processed bean products	Use of lima beans	1
	Frozen foods	Sodium stearoyl lactylate	1
Italy (57)	Ice cream	Noncompliance with manufacturing standards	29
	Meat products	Noncompliance with manufacturing standards	9
	Confectionery	Calcium ascorbate (1), sorbic acid (3), potassium sorbate (1), Patent Blue V (2), sunflower lecithin (1)	8
	Health foods	Ferrous fumarate (1) p-toluenesulfonic acid (1), zinc sulfate (1)	3
	Seasonings	Processed beef products from a BSE-affected country (1), potassium acetate (1), sodium acetate (1)	3
	Processed vegetables	Sulfur dioxide	3
	Processed fruit	Sodium copper chlorophyllin	1
	Soft drinks	Silicon resin	1

Country of Production	Item	Description of Violations	Number of Cases*
China (34)	Seasonings	TBHQ (1), potassium sorbate (3), sorbic acid (7)	11
	Toys	Bis phthalate	7
	Processed agricultural products	Sorbic acid (1)	5
	Confectionery	TBHQ (2), sodium benzoate (2)	4
	Processed vegetables	Potassium sorbate (1), copper chlorophyll (2), sulfur dioxide (1)	4
	Processed fish and shellfish products	Potassium sorbate	1
	Equipment	Noncompliance with compositional standards	1
	Additives	Noncompliance with compositional standards	1
Brazil	Confectionery	Sorbic acid (2), propionic acid (3), TBHQ (2), sodium aluminophosphate (2), potassium chlorate (1)	10
	Seasonings	Sodium saccharin (1), benzoic acid (1), sodium aluminosilicate (1), sodium cyclamate (1), potassium iodide (1)	5
	Alcoholic beverages	Potassium sorbate	2
	Processed fruit products	Liquid paraffin	1
	Processed fish products	TBHQ	1
	Health foods	Propylene glycol	1
	Processed vegetables	Liquid paraffin	1
France	Confectionery	Amidated pectin (1), carmine (2), Brilliant Black BN (2), sodium stearoyl lactylate (6), azorubine (1)	12
	Meat products	Bovine-derived gelatine from a BSE-affected country (2), noncompliance with manufacturing standards (1)	3
	Fruit wine	Metatartaric acid	2
	Soft drinks	Potassium sorbate	1
	Seasonings	Copper chlorophyll	1
Canada	Health foods	Tocopherol succinate (5), potassium iodide (5), zinc acetate (5), undesignated additive (1)	16
	Processed agricultural products	Magnesium stearate (1), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (1)	2
Korea	Health foods	DL-α- tocopherol acetate (1), tocopherol acetate (1), calcium monohydrogen phosphate (1), ferrous fumarate (2), zinc oxide (4)	9
	Confectionery	TBHQ (1), polysorbate (2)	3
	Seasonings	Potassium sorbate (1), biotin (2)	3
	Processed fish and shellfish products	Potassium sorbate	1
	Processed fish products	Trimethylamine	1
	Soft drinks	Noncompliance with manufacturing standards	1

Country of Production	Item	Description of Violations	Number of Cases*
Belgium	Confectionery	Sorbic acid (1), use of lupine beans (1), azorubine (5), Quinoline Yellow (2), Patent Blue (2), undesignated additive (unidentified water-soluble orange pigment) (1), copper chlorophyll (1)	13
	Soft drinks	Noncompliance with manufacturing standards (sterilization) (2), sulfur dioxide (2)	4
Singapore	Instant coffee	Sodium aluminosilicate (6), magnesium silicate (5), sodium stearoyl lactylate (5)	16
	Powdered beverages	Sodium aluminosilicate	1
Philippines	Confectionery	Iodized salt	6
	Processed nut and seed products	Iodized salt	3
	Seasonings	Iodized salt	3
	Processed fish products	Iodized salt	2
	Processed fruits	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Powdered beverages	Selenium	1
Taiwan	Soft drinks	Potassium sorbate	6
	Frozen foods	Potassium iodate	3
	Processed nut and seed products	Inosine monophosphate (1), guanosine monophosphate (1)	2
	Kimchi	Silicon dioxide	1
	Processed fish and shellfish products	Polysorbate	1
	Health foods	Streptomycin	1
	Processed cereal products	Sodium stearoyl lactylate	1
India	Health foods	Magnesium stearate (3), sodium propyl parahydroxybenzoate (3), sodium methyl parahydroxybenzoate (3)	9
	Processed vegetables	Sodium benzoate	3
	Instant noodles	Iodized salt	2
Thailand	Seasonings	Potassium sorbate (1), sorbic acid (5), TBHQ (1)	7
	Processed fish and shellfish products	Saccharin	3
	Food packed in containers and sterilized by pressurization and heating	L-cysteine	1
	Confectionery	TBHQ	1
	Black tea	Food Yellow No.5	1
	Processed vegetables	Sodium benzoate	1

Country of Production	Item	Description of Violations	Number of Cases*
Australia	Health foods	Glucosamine sulfate (1), magnesium ascorbate (1), mineral chelate (1), sodium lauryl sulfate (1), colostrum (1)	5
	Soft drinks	Potassium sorbate (4), copper chlorophyll (1)	5
	Processed cereal products	TBHQ	1
	Confectionery	Azorubine	1
	Seasonings	Use of azorubine	1
Sri Lanka	Processed fruit products	Sodium benzoate	6
	Seasonings	Sodium benzoate	5
	Health foods	Glucosamine sulfate	1
	Soft drinks	Noncompliance with manufacturing standards (sterilization)	1
Malaysia	Seasonings	Sorbic acid (3), benzoic acid (3)	6
	Other foods	Sodium aluminosilicate (1), sodium stearoyl lactylate (1)	2
	Powdered beverages	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Mineral water	Noncompliance with raw water standards	1
Peru	Confectionery	Potassium sorbate	5
	Processed nut and seed products	Calcium hydroxide	2
Spain	Confectionery	Quinoline Yellow (1), Patent Blue (1), Black PN (1)	3
	Natural cheese	Iron sesquioxide	1
	Processed nut and seed products	Cyanide content	1
	Soft drinks	Noncompliance with manufacturing standards	1
New Zealand	Confectionery	Potassium sorbate	2
	Health foods	Iron sesquioxide (1), iron oxide (1)	2
	Honey	Chloramphenicol	1
	Soft drinks	Noncompliance with manufacturing standards (sterilization)	1
Indonesia	Seasonings	Potassium sorbate (3), Sodium benzoate (1)	4
	Processed fruit products	Sodium benzoate	1
Vietnam	Processed fish and shellfish products	Sorbic acid (1), benzoic acid (1)	2
	Confectionery	Isovaleric aldehyde	1
	Fresh fish	Epinephelus fuscoguttatus	1
UK	Other foods	Sodium benzoate	2
	Health foods	Bovine-derived processed goods from a BSE-affected country	1
	Soft drinks	Noncompliance with manufacturing standards	1
Bulgaria	Processed vegetables	Sodium benzoate (1), iodized salt (2), potassium benzoate (1)	4
Russia	Processed fruit products	Sodium benzoate	3
	Soft drinks	Potassium sorbate	1

Country of Production	Item	Description of Violations	Number of Cases*
Turkey	Confectionery	Azorubine (2), trisodium pyrophosphate (1)	3
	Processed fish and shellfish products	Undesignated use of coloring agent	1
Germany	Confectionery	Magnesium stearate	2
	Soft drinks	DMDC (1), Sulfur dioxide (1)	2
Australia	Olive oil	Isopropane	3
Mexico	Health foods	Magnesium stearate	1
	Seasonings	Sodium nitrite (1), sodium benzoate (1)	2
Estonia	Alcoholic beverages	Potassium sorbate	3
Romania	Processed nut and seed products	Iodized salt	2
Chile	Alcoholic beverages	Ester gum	2
Switzerland	Toys	Coloring agent elution	1
	Seasonings	Iodine	1
Poland	Confectionery	Azorubine	1
Iran	Soft drinks	Noncompliance with manufacturing standards (sterilization)	1
Argentina	Confectionery	TBHQ	1
Vietnam	Sugar	Carboxymethylcellulose	1
Palau	Soft drinks	Noncompliance with manufacturing standards	1
Saudi Arabia	Confectionery	Sunflower lecithin	1
Egypt	Processed agricultural products	Liquid paraffin	1
Austria	Soft drinks	Gluconolactone	1
Myanmar	Powdered beverages	Sodium stearoyl lactylate	1
Total			499

Table 14 Violations of Imported Foods, Detected Through Domestic Monitoring (FY2008)

Country of Production	Item	Violation	Number of Cases
China (3)	Dried gourd shavings	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Pickles	Saccharin	1
	Toys	Bis phthalate	1
India (2)	Prawns	Sulfur dioxide	1
	Curry paste	TBHQ	1
Myanmar (2)	Butter beans	Cyanide compounds	2
Taiwan	Seasonings	Benzoic acid	1
Peru	Maca powder	Irradiation	1
Malaysia	Prawns	Sulfadiazine	1
Total			10

(Reference) Description of Key Terms Contained in the Monitoring Results

Term	Description
Nitrite	Additive (color fixative)
Acetochlor	Pesticide (anilide herbicide)
Acephate	Pesticide (organophosphorus insecticide)
Azorubin	Undesignated additive
Atrazine	Pesticide (triazine herbicide)
Aflatoxin	Mycotoxin (produced by fungi such as Aspergillus)
Amitraz	Pesticide (amizine insecticide)
Alachlor	Pesticide (triazine herbicide)
Sodium aluminosilicate	Undesignated additive
Benzoic acid	Additive (preservative)
Carbon monoxide	Undesignated additive
Genetic modification	Technology such as fragmentation of bacterial genes, arrangement of the gene sequences or introducing the arranged genes into other organism's genes
Isoprocarb	Pesticide (carbamate insecticide)
Isopropanol	Additive (flavoring agent)
Imazalil	Additive (antifungal agent)
Imidacloprid	Pesticide (chloronicotinyl insecticide)
Indoxacarb	Pesticide (oxadiazine insecticide)
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt	Additive (antioxidant)
Ethoxyquin	Feed additive (heterocyclic growth regulator)
Ethoprophos	Pesticide (organophosphorus insecticide)
Methylene chloride	Undesignated additive
Endosulfan	Pesticide (organochlorine insecticide)
Enrofloxacin	Animal drug (synthetic antimicrobial (new quinolone))
Staphylococcus aureus	Pathogenic microorganism (A bacterium that normally lives inside humans and animals and produces an enterotoxin, a type of heat-stable toxin that causes vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.)
Oxytetracycline	Animal drug (tetracycline antibiotic)
Oxolinic acid	Animal drug (Synthetic antimicrobial (quinolone))
Oryzalin	Pesticide (dinitroaniline herbicide)
Hydrogen peroxide	Additive (bleaching agent)
Carbaryl	Pesticide (carbamate insecticide)
Quinalphos	Pesticide (organophosphorus insecticide)
Quinoline Yellow	Undesignated additive
Glyphosate	Pesticide (organophosphorus herbicide)
Ferrous gluconate	Additive (color stabilizing agent)

Term	Description
Clenbuterol	Animal drug (uterine relaxant)
Clothianidin	Pesticide (neonicotinoide insecticide)
Chloramphenicol	Animal drug (chloramphenicol antibiotic)
Chlordane	Pesticide (organochlorine insecticide)
Chlorpyrifos	Pesticide (organophosphate insecticide)
Chlorpyrifos-methyl	Pesticide (organophosphate insecticide)
Magnesium silicate	Undesignated additive
Diarrhetic shellfish poison	Shellfish toxin (Clams accumulate biotoxins produced by plankton to excessive level, which causes poisoning)
Cyclamic acid	Undesignated additive
Butyl acetate	Additive (flavoring agent)
Saccharin	Additive (sweetening agent)
Salmonella	Pathogenic microorganism (A bacterium that is ubiquitous in the intestines of animals as well as in nature, such as rivers, sewage and lakes. It contaminates meat, mostly poultry and eggs, and causes acute abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and vomiting)
Iron sesquioxide	Additive (coloring agent)
Cyanide compounds	Toxic and harmful substances (cyanide-related compounds, such as cyanogenic glycoside, found in plants such as some varieties of beans)
Dicofol	Pesticide (organochlorine insecticide)
Difenoconazole	Pesticide (triazole fungicide)
Cyfluthrin	Pesticide (pyrethroid insecticide)
Cypermethrin	Pesticide (pyrethroid insecticide)
Magnesium stearate	Additive (reinforcing agent)
Streptomycin	Animal drug (aminoglycoside antibiotic )
Sulfadiazine	Synthetic nitrofuran antimicrobial (sulfonamide)
Sulfamethoxazole	Synthetic nitrofuran antimicrobial (sulfonamide)
Shigella	Pathogenic microorganism (A bacterium that normally lives in the intestines of humans and animals and causes gastroenteritis.)
Sorbic acid	Additive (preservative)
Diazinon	Pesticide (organophosphorus insecticide)
Dioxins	Generic name for the group of three substances: polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorodibenzofuran (PCDF), and coplanar PCB
Dazomet	Pesticide (carbamate insecticide)
Daminozide	Pesticide (acid amide plant growth regulator)
Thiabendazole	Pesticide/animal drug (benzimidazole fungicide)

Term	Description
Vibrio parahaemolyticus	Pathogenic microorganism (A bacterium in seawater (at the river mouth, coastal areas, etc.) that commonly contaminates fish and shellfish, and causes abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, fever and vomiting.)
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (E. coli)	Pathogenic microorganism (A bacterium that normally lives in the intestines of animals. It contaminates foods and drinking water by way of feces and urine, and causes acute abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea together with large amounts of fresh blood after early cold-like symptoms.)
Deoxynivalenol	Mycotoxin (produced by fungi such as Fusarium)
Tetraconazole	Pesticide (triazole fungicide)
Tetracycline	Animal drug (tetracycline antibiotic)
Tebuconazole	Pesticide (triazole fungicide)
Tebufenozide	Pesticide (benzoyl hydrazide insecticide)
Triazophos	Pesticide (organophosphate insecticide)
Trifloxystrobin	Pesticide (strobilurin fungicide)
Trimethylamine	Undesignated additive
Sulfur dioxide	Additive (antioxidant)
Nitrofurantoin	Animal drug (synthetic nitrofuran antimicrobial); generates AHD when metabolized
Nitrofurans	Generic name for nitrofuran synthetic antibacterial agent, an animal drug
Norovirus	Pathogenic virus (a type of virus that causes acute gastroenteritis and can be the causal agent of food poisoning from shellfish such as oysters)
Paclobutrazol	Pesticide (triazole plant growth regulator)
Patulin	Mycotoxin (produced by fungi such as Penicillium or Aspergillus)
Patent Blue V	Undesignated additive
Para-hydroxybenzoic acid esters	Additive (preservative)
Haloxyfop	Pesticide (organochlorine herbicide)
Bifenthrin	Pesticide (pyrethroid insecticide)
Piperonyl butoxide	Pesticide/animal drug (heterocyclic synergists)
Pyraclostrobin	Pesticide (strobilurin fungicide)
Pyridalyl	Pesticide (pyridyl ether insecticide)
Pirimiphos-methyl	Pesticide (organophosphate insecticide)
Pyrimethanil	Pesticide (pyrimidine fungicide)
Famoxadone	Pesticide (heterocyclic fungicide)
Fipronil	Pesticide (heterocyclic insecticide)
Fenvalerate	Pesticide (pyrethroid insecticide)
Fenpropathrin	Pesticide (pyrethroid insecticide)
Bis phthalate (DEHP)	Plasticizing agent (substance added to synthetic resin, making it pliable)
Bupirimate	Pesticide (pyrimidine fungicide)

Term	Description
Buprofezine	Pesticide (heterocyclic insecticide)
Furazolidone	Animal drug (nitrofuran synthetic antibacterial agent); generates AOZ when metabolized
Furaltadone	Animal drug (nitrofuran synthetic antibacterial agent); generates AMOZ when metabolized
Brilliant Black BN	Undesignated additive
Fluazifop	Pesticide (phenoxy acid herbicide)
Fluquinconazole	Pesticide (triazole fungicide)
Flutriafol	Pesticide (azole fungicide)
Flusilazole	Pesticide (heterocyclic fungicide)
Flonicamid	Pesticide (Pyridine carboxamide insecticide)
Profenofos	Pesticide (organophosphorus insecticide)
Bromopropylate	Pesticide (acaricide)
Hexaconazole	Pesticide (triazole fungicide)
Heptachlor	Pesticide (organochlorine insecticide)
Pendimethalin	Pesticide (dinitroaniline herbicide)
Boscalid	Pesticide (anilide fungicide)
Polyethylene glycol	Undesignated additive
Polysorbate	Additive (emulsifying agent)
Formaldehyde	Undesignated additive
Paralytic shellfish poison	Shellfish poison (paralytic poison mainly caused by clams which accumulate poison produced by harmful plankton and which then become toxic)
Malachite green	Animal drug (triphenylmethane symthetic antibacterial agent)
Methamidofos	Pesticide (organophosphate insecticide)
Metam	Pesticide (carbamate insecticide)
Methyl isothiocyanate	Pesticide (carbamate insecticide)
Melamine	A chemical substance used as a primary raw material of melamine resin
Monocrotophos	Pesticide (organophosphate insecticide)
Iodized salt	Undesignated additive
Listeria	Pathogenic microorganism (A bacteria that is ubiquitous in the natural environment. It commonly contaminates dairy products and processed meat products, and causes flu-like symptoms with fatigue and fever.)
Rhodamine B	Undesignated additive
γ-BHC (lindane)	Pesticide (organochlorine insecticide)
AHD	Metabolite of nitrofurantoin, synthetic nitrofuran antimicrobial
AMOZ	Metabolite of furaltadone, synthetic nitrofuran antimicrobial
AOZ	Metabolite of furazolidone, synthetic nitrofuran antimicrobial

Term	Description
BHC	Pesticide (organochlorine insecticide)
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)	A delayed and malignant disease of the central nervous system, which causes the brain tissue of cows to become sponge-like, and which presents such symptoms as ananastasia
DDT	Pesticide (organochlorine insecticide)
EPN	Pesticide (organophosphorus insecticide)
MCPA	Pesticide (phenoxy herbicide)
SRM	Parts of a cow (the head [excluding tongue and cheek meat], the spinal cord, vertebral column, and ileum [up to a 2-m region from its connection with the cecum]) indicating the accumulation of an abnormal prion protein that is a possible causative agent of BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy).
TBHQ	Undesignated additive
2,4-D	Pesticide (phenoxy acid herbicide)

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