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2)   Employment status of mothers

Mothers employed increased year by year from the First Survey, reaching 35.0% in the Third Survey. (Figure 2)

As for mothers newly employed during the past year (answering "unemployment" in the Second Survey and "employed" in the Third Survey"), those "living with grandparents (16.9%)" exceed in number of those "living away from grandparents (10.3%). Job types show differences in nature between those "newly employed during the past year" and those "that have been employed since one-year before deliveries". (Table 5, Figure 3)

Figure 2   Changes of proportion in mothers with a job
Figure 2 Changes of proportion in mothers with a job
Note:  The above figures represent total responses only where children live with their mothers through 1st to 3rd Surveys

Table 5   Changes of employment status in mothers in terms of whether or not living with grandparents
(Unit: %)
  2nd Survey
Total Unemployed Employed
  (Previously reported)
Seeking a job		   (Previously reported)
Full time		 (Previously reported)
Part time
3rd Survey Total (100.0) (100.0) (68.7) (8.1) (30.8) (14.9) (9.8)
  100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Unemployed   64.4 87.7 60.1 12.3 5.0 16.3
Employed   35.0 11.6 39.3 87.3 94.8 82.9
Living separately from grandparents (77.2) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Unemployed   67.8 89.0 62.3 12.8 5.2 16.5
Employed   31.6 10.3 37.1 86.8 94.7 82.7
Living with grandparents (22.8) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Unemployed   52.6 82.3 54.0 11.1 4.6 15.7
Employed   46.7 16.9 45.5 88.4 95.1 83.6
Notes:
1) The above figures represent total responses only where children live with their mothers at both times of the Second and Third Surveys.
2) "Unemployed" in the 2nd survey includes "job-seeking status is unknown" and students. "Employed" includes "self-employed or family business", "side job", and "others"
3) "Total" of the Second Survey includes "Unknown" interms of status of "mother's occupation".
4) "Total" in the 3rd survey includes "Unknown" in terms of status of "family members living together" and "mother's occupation".
5)
(    )  means no change in terms of mother's occupation status.

Figure 3   Mother's occupation

[Newly employed during the past year] [Employed since one-year before deliveries]
Newly employed during the past year Employed since one-year before deliveries
Note:  Calculated based on total responses only where children live with their mothers through 1st to 3rd Surveys

As for changes of employment status in mothers who were employed one-year before deliveries and had a first child at the first survey, mothers were less likely to change their employment status from " unemployed" to "employed" when they gave birth to another child by the time of the third survey, while mothers with only one child were more likely to continue their "employed" status and showed a trend to shift from "unemployed" to "employed". (Figure 4)


Figure 4   Changes of employment status in mothers with only one child at the time of the First Survey

Mothers who delivered another child(ren) by the time of the Third Survey

Mothers with only one child by the time of the Third Survey
Notes:  Calculated based on total responses only where children live with their mothers through First to Third Surveys. Excluding those whose employment status are Unknown.

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